Photo Credits

Introduction

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library

Fig. 3: Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library

Fig. 5: From: Richard Offner, A Discerning Eye: Essays on Early Italian Painting, ed. Andrew Ladis (University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 36, fig. 1

Florentine School, The Crucifixion, One of Three Panels from a Tabernacle Wing

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: By permission of the Ministry of Culture

Fig. 5: Photo courtesy Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Florentine School, The Deposition, One of Three Panels from a Tabernacle Wing

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Florentine School, The Lamentation, One of Three Panels from a Tabernacle Wing

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Master of the Yale Dossal, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Leonard and Peter and Scenes from the Life of Saint Peter

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Alinari Archives, Florence

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. www.metmuseum.org

Fig. 5: Photo © President and Fellows of Harvard College

Fig. 6: From: Zeri and De Marchi 1997, 205, pls. 87–88

Fig. 7: Photo courtesy Luisa Ricciarini/Bridgeman Images

Follower of Meliore (Master of the Yale Dossal?), Virgin and Child with Saints Dominic and Francis; The Crucifixion with the Penitent Magdalen; Saints Michael the Archangel, Peter Martyr, and Catherine of Alexandria

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 5: Photo courtesy The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. www.metmuseum.org

Fig. 6: Photo © President and Fellows of Harvard College

Fig. 7: From: Zeri and De Marchi 1997, 205, pls. 87–88

Master of Varlungo, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: From: Tartuferi and Scalini 2004, 118, no. 19

Lippo di Benivieni, Virgin and Child with Saints James Major, John the Baptist, Peter, and Francis

Fig. 1: From: Volpe 1972, fig. 1

Fig. 2: The Alana Collection, Delaware, USA

Master of Saint Cecilia, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: From: Sciacca 2012, 389, no. 60. Photo: Nicolò Orsi Battaglinii/IKONA

Jacopo del Casentino, The Coronation of the Virgin

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 5: Kunstmuseum Bern. @kunstmuseumbern

Fig. 6: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Jacopo del Casentino, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Bernardo Daddi, Vision of Saint Dominic

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Raczyński Foundation at the National Museum in Poznań

Fig. 4: © MAD, Paris/Jean Tholance

Fig. 5: bpk Bildagentur/Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo: Jörg P. Anders/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 6: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 7: Vidimages/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 8: © Artcurial

Workshop of Bernardo Daddi, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Minneapolis Institute of Art

Fig. 3 ART Collection/Alamy Stock Photo

Nardo di Cione, Saint John the Evangelist

Fig. 1: From: Venturi 1945, 7, pl. 3

Fig. 2: From: Offner and Steinweg 1969, 28, pl. 4

Fig. 3: From: Offner and Steinweg 1969, 42, pl. 9

Fig. 4: From: Offner and Steinweg 1969, 190, pl. 44

Fig. 5: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 6: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 7: Photo courtesy Minneapolis Institute of Art

Andrea di Cione, called Orcagna, Saint John the Baptist

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 5: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 7: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Nardo di Cione, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Taddeo Gaddi, Virgin and Child Enthroned

Fig. 1: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 2: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 4: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Taddeo Gaddi, The Entombment of Christ

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 4: © Ghigo G. Roli/Art Resource, N.Y.

Niccolò di Tommaso, Saint Bridget’s Vision of the Nativity

Fig. 1: The John G. Johnson Collection, Philadelphia Museum of Art, cat. 120

Fig. 2: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: Photo © Governorate scv—museum management

Fig. 4: Photo © Governorate scv—museum management

Matteo di Pacino, The Nativity and the Resurrection of Christ

Fig. 1: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo: Christoph Schmidt; Public Domain Mark 1.0

Fig. 2: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo: Christoph Schmidt; Public Domain Mark 1.0

Florentine School(?), ca. 1360–70, The Crucifixion

Fig. 1: From: Weppelmann 2005, 197, no. 12

Fig. 2: From: Gold Backs 1996, 58, no. 5. Proprietá della Fondazione Pisa/Palazzo Blu—Property of the Pisa Foundation/Palazzo Blu

Giovanni del Biondo, Christ and the Virgin Enthroned with Angels; Allegories of the New (Ecclesia) and Old (Synagoga) Dispensation

Fig. 3: ART Collection/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 4: ART Collection/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 4: © Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts, USA/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 6: © Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts, USA/Bridgeman Images

Attributed to Giovanni del Biondo, Scene from the Legend of Saint John Gualbert

Fig. 1: Archive of the Opera di Santa Croce. Photo: Giovanni Martellucci

Fig. 2: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Cenni di Francesco di Ser Cenni, The Adoration of the Magi

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 4: Zvonimir Atletić/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 5: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 6: Creative Commons License Attribution 3.0

Fig. 7: By permission of the Minister of Culture

Master of the Misericordia(?), Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Nicholas, Margaret of Antioch(?), John the Baptist, and Dorothy; The Crucifixion

Fig. 1: From: Chiodo 2011, 309, pl. 52

Fig. 2: Royal Collection Trust/© Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2022

Niccolò di Pietro Gerini, The Annunciation

Fig. 1: Zuri Swimmer/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 2: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 3: Panther Media GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo

Niccolò di Pietro Gerini, The Coronation of the Virgin with Saint Anthony Abbot, Saint James Major, and Four Angels

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 4: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Niccolò di Pietro Gerini, Madonna of Humility

Fig. 1: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 2: Bridgeman Images

Fig. 3: Kunstmuseum Bern. @kunstmuseumbern

Fig. 4: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig: 5: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Agnolo Gaddi or Lorenzo Monaco, Saints Julian, James Major, and Michael

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: From: Gronau 1950a, pl. 23/fig. 1. By permission of the Ministry of Culture.

Fig. 4: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Fig. 5: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo: Jörg P. Anders; Public Domain Mark 1.0

Lorenzo Monaco, Portrait of Bernardo di Cino Bartolini Benvenuti de’ Nobili and Four of His Sons: Bartolomeo, Carlo, Benedetto, and Alamanno

Fig. 1: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Tony Querrec

Fig. 2: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot

Fig. 3: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot

Fig. 4: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 5: The Alana Collection, Delaware, USA

Fig. 6: The Alana Collection, Delaware, USA

Fig. 7: Christie’s Images, London/Scala

Fig. 8: Courtesy of Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields

Fig. 9: bpk Bildagentur/Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo: Volker-H. Schneider/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 10: From: Gordon 2020, 15, fig. 1

Lorenzo Monaco, The Crucifixion with the Virgin and Saint John the Evangelist

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 4: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Probably Florentine School, ca. 1400, The Crucifixion with the Penitent Magdalen and Saints

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Lorenzo Ghiberti, The Stigmatization of Saint Francis

Fig. 1: Photo: Adélaïde Beaudoin. © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: Photo: Adélaïde Beaudoin. © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: Wawel Royal Castle, phot. Mariusz Mikolajczyk, 3D, Pawel Klak

Fig. 4: Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Ohio

Fig. 5: Photo: Leemage/Corbis via Getty Images

Fig. 6: Photo: Index/Heritage Images via Getty Images

Fig. 7: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Mariotto di Nardo, Scenes from the Legend of Saints Cosmas and Damian

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Luisa Ricciarini/Bridgeman Images

Lippo d’Andrea, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Albert of Trapani and Peter and Saints Paul and Anthony Abbot; The Annunciation

Fig. 2: From: Ciardi et al. 2013, 87

Fig. 3: Photo: Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz—Max-Planck-Institut. Photo: Roberto Sigismondi

Fig. 4: Photo: Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz—Max-Planck-Institut. Photo: Roberto Sigismondi

Lippo d’Andrea, Two Scenes from the Legend of Saint Michael

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Creative Commons Attribution—Share Alike 3.0

Fig. 3: Courtesy Sotheby’s, New York

Fig. 4: © Musée des Beaux-Arts/photo François Jay

Florentine School, The Story of Rinaldo da Montalbano, or the Four Sons of Aymon

Fig. 1: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine

Fig. 3: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Florentine School, ca. 1420–25, The Agony in the Garden

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

Fig. 3: Smithsonian American Art Museum

Fig. 4: Berenson Library, Villa I Tatti, Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Settignano

Fig. 5: Berenson Library, Villa I Tatti, Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Settignano

Fig. 6: Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 7: Scala/Ministero per i Ben e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Bicci di Lorenzo, The Crucifixion with Saints and the Penitent Magdalen

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 3: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 4: From: Torriti 1977, 411, fig. 494

Rossello di Jacopo Franchi, Pilaster Fragment with Saint Catherine of Alexandria

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia, Italy/Bridgeman Images

Rossello di Jacopo Franchi, Virgin and Child in Glory with Saint John the Baptist, Saint Peter, and Two Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Creative Commons Attribution—Share Alike 3.0

Fig. 4: Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 5: © Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2023

“Pseudo-Dietisalvi di Speme,” The Crucifixion with the Penitent Magdalen

Fig. 1: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 3: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Attributed to Ugolino di Nerio, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Four Saints

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo © 2024 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Fig. 3: From: Bagnoli, Bartalini, and Seidel 2017, 157, no. 9

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 5: From: Bagnoli et al. 2003, 199, no. 30

Master of Monte Oliveto, The Crucifixion

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Master of Città di Castello, Saint John the Baptist

Fig. 1: Wawel Royal Castle. Photo: Mariusz Mikolajczyk, 3D, Pawel Klak

Fig. 2: RealyEasyStar/Claudio Pagliarani/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 3: Staatliche Museen für Kunst, National Gallery of Denmark. Photo: SMK Photo/Jacob Schou-Hansen

Fig. 4: From: Bellosi 2009, 71, no. 5

Master of the Gondi Maestà (Goodhart Ducciesque Master), Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: From: De Nicola 1912b, 142, pl. 2/fig. D

Fig. 2: From: Angelelli and De Marchi 1991, 255, no. 538

Fig. 3: From: Luciano Cateni, “Pittori ducceschi di seconda generazione,” in Bagnoli et al. 2003, 319

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 5: By permission of the Minister of Culture—National Picture Gallery of Siena

Fig. 6: From: Isabella Droandi, “Pittori ‘Forestieri’ ad Arezzo,” in Arte in terra d’Arezzo: Il trecento, ed. Aldo Galli and Paola Refice (Florence: Edifir, 2005), 46, no. 40

Fig. 7: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Lippo Memmi, Saint John the Evangelist

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot

Fig. 4: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Fig. 5: By permission of the Minister of Culture—National Picture Gallery of Siena

Fig. 6: By permission of the Minister of Culture—National Picture Gallery of Siena

Fig. 7: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 8: © Museo Poldi Pezzoli

Fig. 9: Frick Art & Historical Center, Pittsburgh

Fig. 10: Photo courtesy the RISD Museum, Providence, R.I.

Fig. 11: From: Bellosi 2009, 145, no. 15

Fig. 12: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo: Jörg P. Anders; Public Domain Mark 1.0

Fig. 13: By permission of the Minister of Culture—National Picture Gallery of Siena

Fig. 15: © Lindenau-Museum Altenberg/Photo: Bertram Kober/Punctum; CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Fig. 16: Digital image courtesy of Getty’s Open Content Program

Lippo Memmi, Saint John the Evangelist

Fig. 1: © The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Thomas R. DuBrock

Fig. 2: © Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts, USA/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 3: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo: Jörg P. Anders; Public Domain Mark 1.0

Fig. 4: © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

Fig. 5: Photo © 2023 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Pietro Lorenzetti, Saints Andrew and James Major, and a Prophet

Fig. 1: From: Frugoni 2002, 64

Fig. 2: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, The Charity of Saint Martin

Fig. 1: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: By permission of the Minister of Culture—National Picture Gallery of Siena

Fig. 3: Photo © President and Fellows of Harvard College

Fig. 4: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston

Fig. 5: The Alana Collection, Delaware, USA

Bartolomeo Bulgarini, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: By permission of Ministry of Culture—Regional Directorate of Museums of Tuscany—Florence

Fig. 3: Photo © Luca Lupi

Fig. 6: rita guglielmi/Alamy Stock Photo

Luca di Tommè, Saint Francis, the Mourning Virgin Mary, Christ on the Cross, the Mourning Saint John the Evangelist, and Saint Dominic

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Svintage Archive/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 3: The Alana Collection, Delaware, USA

Fig. 4: J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles

Fig. 5: Svintage Archive/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 6: © Fondazione di Studi di Storia dell’Arte Roberto Longhi, Florence

Fig. 7: North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh

Fig. 8: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Luca di Tommè, The Assumption of the Virgin

Fig. 1: ART Collection 2/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 2: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Luca di Tommè, Virgin and Child with a Goldfinch

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: The Rector and Scholars of Exeter College, Oxford

Fig. 4: The Rector and Scholars of Exeter College, Oxford

Master of Panzano, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Ansanus and Victor

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Moretti Fine Art

Fig. 3: http://www.SDMArt.org

Bartolo di Fredi, Virgin Annunciate

Fig. 2: Museo Civico, Lucignano

Taddeo di Bartolo, Saint John the Baptist

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Taddeo di Bartolo, Saint Jerome

Fig. 2: Photo © Josse/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 3: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: René-Gabriel Ojéda

Fig. 4: Tibbut Archive/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 5: From: Freuler 1994, 249, fig. 228

Taddeo di Bartolo, The Blessing Redeemer

Fig. 1: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 2: From: Solberg 2020, 286, no. 27/reconstruction 1a. © Dóra Sallay and Gergely Buzás composition to Gail E. Solberg specifications

Fig. 3: From: Solberg 2020, 287, no. 27/reconstruction 1b. © Dóra Sallay and Gergely Buzás composition to Gail E. Solberg specifications

Fig. 4: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria/Bridgeman Images

Martino di Bartolomeo, The Lamentation over the Dead Christ

Fig. 2: © The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge

Martino di Bartolomeo, The Blessing Redeemer

Fig. 1: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Fig. 2: Photo: Roberto Testi © Comune di Siena

Fig. 3: By permission of the Minister of Culture—National Picture Gallery of Siena

Benedetto di Bindo(?), Bust of a Deacon Saint

Fig. 1: Opera della Metropolitana Aut. N. 281/2024

Giuntesque Painter, Saint Mary Magdalen

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: By permission of the Minister of Culture—National Picture Gallery of Siena

Fig. 3: Jimlop collection/Alamy Stock Photo

Master of Saints Flora and Lucilla, Saint Lucilla

Fig. 1: Musei Civici Fiorentini

Fig. 2: © Archivio fotografico del Sacro Convento di S. Francesco in Assisi, Italy

Fig. 3: © Archivio fotografico del Sacro Convento di S. Francesco in Assisi, Italy

Fig. 4: © Archivio fotografico del Sacro Convento di S. Francesco in Assisi, Italy

Fig. 5: © Alinari Archive/Photo: Fratelli Alinari/Art Resource, N.Y.

Pisan or Ligurian(?), Saint Nicholas of Bari; Saint Anthony of Padua

Fig. 1: From: Robert Paolo Ciardi, Il polittico di Agnano: Cecco di Pietro e la pittura pisana del’300 (Pisa: Pacini, 1986), 119

Giovanni di Bartolomeo Cristiani, Saint Lucy Enthroned with Six Angels

Fig. 6: The Alana Collection, Delaware, USA

Fig. 7: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Giuliano di Simone, Two Deacon Saints

Fig. 1: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 2: Mario Bonotto/Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Elemosina di Forte and Marino di Elemosina, Double-Sided Processional Cross

Fig. 1: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: Museo Civico Palazzo dei Consoli, Gubbio

Fig. 4: Courtesy Biblioteca Augusta, Perugia

Fig. 5: Courtesy Biblioteca Augusta, Perugia

Fig. 6: © Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Venice

Paolo Veneziano, Saint John the Baptist

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 5: Alinari Archives, Florence

Fig. 6: © Ghigo G. Roli/Art Resource, N.Y.

Follower of Pietro da Rimini, Scenes from the Lives of Christ and Saint John the Baptist

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: RealyEasyStar/Claudio Pagliarani/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 4: Courtesy Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami

Giovanni Baronzio, The Coronation of the Virgin

Fig. 1: Photo © Electa/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 2: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Pseudo-Dalmasio, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Four Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 3: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 4: Courtesy Seattle Art Museum/Photo: Susan Dirk

Simone di Filippo (Simone dei Crocifissi), The Crucifixion; The Coronation of the Virgin; Christ between the Twelve Apostles

Fig. 1: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 2: Mario Bonotto/Scala

Fig. 3: © Marage Photos/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

Barnaba da Modena, Mourning Virgin

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fra Angelico, Two Scenes from the Legend of Saint Michael

Fig. 1: From: Gronau 1950a, pl. 23/fig. 1. By permission of the Ministry of Culture

Fig. 2: © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 3: MS Typ 1001, Houghton Library, Harvard University

Fig. 4: From: Chiostrini and Maugeri 2023, 79, no. 5

Fra Angelico, The Annunciation

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 6: Städel Musuem, Frankfurt

Fra Angelico, The Vision of Pope Innocent III; Saints Peter and Paul Appearing to Saint Dominic

Fig. 1: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot/Hervé Lewandowski

Fig. 2: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot/Hervé Lewandowski

Fig. 3: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 4: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot/Hervé Lewandowski

Fig. 5: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 7: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot/Hervé Lewandowski

Fig. 8: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 9: Photo: bpk Bildagentur/Staatsgalerie/Stuttgart/Germany

Giovanni dal Ponte, The Garden of Love

Fig. 1: © Photo Josse/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 2: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 3: © Iberfoto/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: Museo Civico “Amedeo Lia,” La Spezia

Giovanni dal Ponte, Saint John the Baptist; The Crucifixion and Saint James Major; The Resurrection

Fig. 1: From: Sbaraglio and Tartuferi 2016, 151, no. 37

Fig. 2: From: Sbaraglio and Tartuferi 2016, 148, no. 36

Paolo Schiavo, The Realms of Love

Fig. 1: Photo: John Polak

Fig. 2: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Fig. 3: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Fig. 4: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Fig. 5: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Fig. 6: Prisma Archivo/Alamy Stock Photo

Paolo Uccello, The Triumphal Entry into Rome of Titus and Vespasian(?)

Fig. 1: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 2: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 3: The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo

Paolo Uccello, A Battle of Greeks and Amazons (Theseus and Hippolyta or Achilles and Penthesileia?); Allegories of Hope and Justice; Reclining Nude

Fig. 2: Courtesy Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields

Fig. 6: Photo: Paul Macapia

Fig. 7: © Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours, D. Couineau

Fig. 8: Courtesy Sotheby’s

Fig. 9: The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles

Fig. 10: Landesmuseum Hannover/Artothek

Zanobi di Benedetto di Carroccio degli Strozzi, Saints Zenobius, Francis, and Anthony of Padua

Fig. 1: The Hyde Collection Trust

Fig. 2: Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum/Photo: Pavel Demidov, Leonard Kheifets, Yuri Molodkovets, Vladimir Terebenin

Fig. 4: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 5: By permission of the Ministry of Culture, Regional Directorate of Tuscany Museums, and the Museo di San Marco

Florentine School, ca. 1450–70, Fragment of a Thebaid with Scenes from the Lives of Saint Pachomius and Another Holy Hermit

Fig. 2: From: Malquori 2012b, 90–91, fig. 8

Fig. 4: From: Barker, Brigstocke, and Clifford 2000, 60–61, no. 12

Fig. 5: From: Barker, Brigstocke, and Clifford 2000, 58–59, no. 11

Fig. 7: Photo: Courtesy Raymond Carlson

Fig. 8: RealyEasyStar/Claudio Pagliarani/Alamy

Fig. 9: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 10: National Galleries of Scotland

Zanobi di Migliore(?), Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 3: © NPL—DeA Picture Library/G. Nimatallah/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Tony Querrec

Fig. 6: Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum/Photo: Pavel Demidov, Leonard Kheifets, Yuri Molodkovets, Vladimir Terebenin

Fig. 7: Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum/Photo: Pavel Demidov, Leonard Kheifets, Yuri Molodkovets, Vladimir Terebenin

Fig. 8: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 9: bpk Bildagentur/Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden. Photo: Hans-Peter Klut/Art Resource, N.Y.

Pseudo-Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Virgin and Child with Two Angels

Fig. 1: Courtesy Toledo Museum of Art

Fig. 2: © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Pseudo-Pier Francesco Fiorentino and Desiderio da Settignano, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Fig. 2: Skulpturensammlung und Museum für byzantinische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Fig. 3: Image © Lyon MBA—Photo: Martial Couderette

Fig. 4: © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Pseudo-Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Virgin and Child with Saint Catherine and Four Angels

Fig. 1: © The Courtauld/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 3: © National Museums Liverpool

Fig. 4: bpl Bildagentur/Bayerische Staatsgemäldegalerie, Munich/Art Resource, N.Y.

Pseudo-Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Virgin and Child with Three Angels

Fig. 2: Städel Museum, Frankfurt

Pseudo-Pier Francesco Fiorentino, Virgin and Child with an Angel

Fig. 1: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Jörg P. Anders

Neri di Bicci, The Charity of Saint Nicholas of Bari

Fig. 1: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 2: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 3: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Neri di Bicci, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Fig. 2: From: Bellandi 2016, 193, no. 16

Fig. 3: Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: From: Cavazzini and De Marchi 2021, 111, no.17

Fig. 5: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Photo Archive, inv. no. DPA 3221582

Fig. 6: From: Anabel Thomas, The Painter’s Practice in Renaissance Tuscany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pl. 6

Neri di Bicci, Tabernacle Frame with God the Father, Adoring Angels, and Seraphim

Fig. 1: Creative Commons Attribution—Share Alike 4.0 International

Neri di Bicci, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Martin of Tours and Blaise

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e Attività culturali e del Turismo

Workshop of Neri di Bicci, The Annunciation

Fig. 1: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 2: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Apollonio di Giovanni, Aeneas at Carthage

Fig. 1: By Permission of the Ministry of Culture. Photo: Donato Pineider

Fig. 2: Courtesy Allen Memorial Art Museum

Apollonio di Giovanni, A Tournament in Piazza Santa Croce

Fig. 1: Eskenazi Museum of Art/Kevin Montague

Apollonio di Giovanni, The Meeting of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba

Fig. 1: Mondadori Portfolio/Electa/Nicolò Orsi Battaglini/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 2: Photo © 2024 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Fig. 3: Photo: Sean Pathasema

Andrea del Verrocchio(?), The Adoration of the Christ Child with the Stigmatization of Saint Francis, Tobias and the Archangel Raphael, Saint John the Baptist Entering the Wilderness, and the Penance of Saint Jerome

Fig. 1: © Sotheby’s

Fig. 2: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Zanobi di Jacopo Machiavelli, Virgin and Child with Two Angels

Fig. 1: From: Zeri 1959, no. 290

Fig. 2: Photo: George Tatge

Fig. 3: René-Gabriel Ojéda

Fig. 4: Collection Photo © Maura Ranzani/Bridgeman Images

Possibly Biagio d’Antonio, The Adoration of the Magi

Fig. 1: Collection MSK Gent, artinflanders.be. Photo: Dominique Provost

Fig. 2: Photo © The Courtauld/Bridgeman Images

Biagio d’Antonio, The Crucifixion

Fig. 1: By permission of the Governing Body of Christ Church, Oxford

Fig. 3: Creative Commons CC0

Fig. 4: From: Bartoli 1999, 87, no. 90

Giovanni di Ser Giovanni Guidi, called Lo Scheggia, or Antonfrancesco di Giovanni di Ser Giovanni, Marcus Furius Camillus Expels King Brennus of Gaul from Rome

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: The Courtauld, London (Samuel Courtauld Trust)/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 3: Photo © The Courtauld/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 5: © The National Gallery, London

Antonio del Pollaiuolo, The Abduction of Deianira

Fig. 1: Photo © 2024 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Fig. 2: Courtesy Rouen Municipal Library

Fig. 3: Bibliothèque Nationale de France

Fig. 4: © Cincinnati Art Museum/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 5: © National Trust Images/Hamilton Kerr Institute

Fig. 6: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 7: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 8: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 9: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 10: Cleveland Museum of Art

Fig. 11: Scala/Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 12: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 13: bpk Bildagentur/Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Photo © Jörg P. Anders/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 14: © National Gallery, London/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 15: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. CC0

Monte di Giovanni del Fora and Gherardo di Giovanni del Fora(?), Saint Sebastian

Fig. 1: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Jörg P. Anders

Fig. 2: Bowdoin College Museum of Art, Brunswick, Maine

Fig. 3: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 4: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 5: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 6: © 2025 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana

Fig. 7: The Morgan Library & Museum

Alessandro Filipepi, called Botticelli, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 3: Album/Alamy

Fig. 4: © President and Fellows of Harvard College

Jacopo del Sellaio, The Metamorphosis of Actaeon

Fig. 1: From: De Marchi and Sbaraglio 2015, 92, no. 1.3

Fig. 3: Fitzwilliam Museum/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: By kind permission of the Ministry of Culture. Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze

Jacopo del Sellaio, Virgin and Child with Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: By kind permission of the Ministry of Culture. Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze

Fig. 3: © Sotheby’s

Fig. 4: © Ville du Mans

Fig. 5: Courtesy Sotheby’s

Fig. 6: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Follower of Jacopo del Sellaio, The Nativity; The Crucifixion with Mary Magdalen and a Female Donor(?); Saints Jerome, John the Baptist, Anthony of Padua, and Francis

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Fig. 3: Photo: Koller Auctions, Zurich

Master of the Fiesole Epiphany, The Penance of Saint Jerome with the Stigmatization of Saint Francis

Fig. 1: From: Caioni 2011, 137, no. 18a

Stefano di Giovanni, called Sassetta, Virgin Annunciate

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 5: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 6: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Hervé Lewandowski

Master of the Osservanza, Saint Anthony Abbot Tempted by the Devil in the Guise of a Woman

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Sano di Pietro, Saint Anthony Abbot Tormented by Demons

Fig. 1: Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Fig. 7: ART Collection 2/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 8: The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 9: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot

Sano di Pietro, The Adoration of the Magi

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Hervé Lewandowski

Fig. 3: Courtesy the Ministry of Culture. Photo Archive National Museums of Siena

Fig. 4: Courtesy the Ministry of Culture. Photo Archive National Museums of Siena

Fig. 5: Photo: Brooklyn Museum

Sano di Pietro, The Martyrdom of Saint Donatus

Fig. 1: Courtesy Sotheby’s

Fig. 2: © Foto LENSINI Siena

Fig. 3: Italy Mondador Portfolio/Archivio Lensini/Fabio e Andrea Lensini/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: Photo: Sean Pathasema

Fig. 5: Photo: Sean Pathasema

Workshop of Sano di Pietro, Virgin and Child with Four Saints and Four Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Creative Commons CC0

Sano di Pietro, The Coronation of the Virgin with Eighteen Saints and Fourteen Angels

Fig. 1: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 4: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Master 185, Triptych: Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Peter and Jerome, Two Angels, and God the Father; Saints Francis and Ansanus with the Annunciatory Angel; Saints Bernardino and a Bishop Saint with the Virgin Annunciate

Fig. 1: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 2: Städel Musuem, Frankfurt

Giovanni di Paolo, Virgin Annunciate

Fig. 1: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: René-Gabriel Ojéda

Fig. 3: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 5: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 6: From: Seidel, Caglioti, Carrara, et al. 2010, 199, no. 8

Fig. 7: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, N.Y.

Giovanni di Paolo, Allegorical(?) Subject

Fig. 1: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Geoffrey Clements

Fig. 2: From: Christiansen, Kanter, and Strehlke 1988, 170, no. 26a

Giovanni di Paolo, Virgin and Child with Saints Bartholomew and Jerome

Fig. 1: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 2: Photo © 2024 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Fig. 3: Frick Art & Historical Center, Pittsburgh

Giovanni di Paolo, Saint Clare Blessing the Bread before Pope Innocent IV

Fig. 1: bpk Bildagentur/Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: bpk Bildagentur/Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: © The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Will Michels

Fig. 4: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Giovanni di Paolo, The Virgin Annunciate

Fig. 2: © Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

Fig. 4: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 5: Courtesy the Ministry of Culture. Photo Archive National Museums of Siena

Fig. 6: Photo: Scala/Florence

Fig. 7: Christophe Aubry/Ville d’Avignon

Fig. 8: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Fig. 9: DeAgostini Picture Library/2025 © Photo: Scala, Florence

Matteo di Giovanni, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saint William of Maleval (Guglielmo da Malavalle), a Deacon Saint (probably Saint Stephen), and a Bishop Saint (probably Saint Sabinus)

Fig. 1: Berenson Library, Villa I Tatti, Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies, Settignano. Courtesy the President and Fellows of Harvard College

Fig. 2: Photo: Scala/Florence

Fig. 3: Photo: Scala/Florence

Fig. 4: © Firenze, Fondazione Horne

Matteo di Giovanni and Donatello (Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi), Virgin and Child

Fig. 2: © Cincinnati Art Museum/Eve Belle Leyman Fund and Bequest of Mrs. Frieda Hauck/Bridgeman Images

Matteo di Giovanni, Hercules and Antaeus

Fig. 1: From: van Os and Prakken 1974, no. 61

Fig. 2: From: van Os and Prakken 1974, no. 60

Fig. 3: Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 4: © NPL—DeA Picture Library/G. Nimatallah/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 5: Courtesy Philadelphia Museum of Art

Fig. 6: Scala/Art Resource, N.Y.

Benvenuto di Giovanni, Saint Peter Martyr

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: © The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; Will Michels

Fig. 4: Perter Horree/Alamy Stock Photo

Benvenuto di Giovanni, Virgin and Child with Saints Jerome and Leonard and Two Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 3: Perter Horree/Alamy Stock Photo

Benvenuto di Giovanni, Virgin and Child with Two Angels

Fig. 1: Perter Horree/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 2: © Giuliano Valsecchi/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 3: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Benvenuto di Giovanni, Desco da Parto with Love Bound by Maidens

Fig. 2: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 3: Camerphoto Arte, Venice/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 4: © RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Gérard Blot

Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Virgin and Child with Angels and Cherubim

Fig. 1: The Art Institute of Chicago/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 2: © Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Fig. 3: Skulpturensammlung und Museum für byzantinische Kunst, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Fig. 4: Photo © 2024 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Fig. 6: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 7: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Neroccio di Bartolomeo de’ Landi, The Annunciation

Fig. 1: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Marchigian School, Virgin and Child with Saints Peter and Paul

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Kress Collection Digital Archive

Fig. 3: From: Minardi 2008, no. 1

Gentile da Fabriano, Virgin and Child Enthroned

Fig. 1: Courtesy the Frick Art Research Library

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 4: © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 5: © Gabinetto Fotografico delle Gallerie degli Uffizi

Fig. 6: Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 7: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Arcangelo di Cola da Camerino, Virgin and Child with Four Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Frick Art & Historical Center, Pittsburgh

Fig. 3: Mondadori Portfolio/Art Resource, N.Y. Photo: Sergio Anelli

Fig. 4: From: De Marchi 2002b, 178, no. 7

Fig. 5: Photo © National Gallery Prague 2024

Fig. 6: From: De Marchi 2002b, 175, nos. 5a–b

Francesco dei Franceschi, Aurelian (or Alexander?) and the Priest of Serapis; Saint Mamas Comforted by the Wild Beasts Sent to Devour Him

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Cameraphoto Arte Venezia/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 3: Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: Creative Commons Attribution—Share Alike 4.0 International

Fig. 5: © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana

Fig. 6: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Master of the Cartellini, Two Apostles

Fig. 1: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Fig. 2: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Fig. 3: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Fig. 4: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Fig. 5: From: Zatti 2011, 142, no. 121

Fig. 6: From: Boskovits 2009a, 97, no. 17b

Fig. 7: From: Boskovits 2009a, 97, no. 17b

Fig. 8: Courtesy Sotheby’s

Fig. 9: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Fig. 10: From: Boskovits 2009a, 93, no. 17

Marchigian School, Man of Sorrows

Fig. 1: From: Ziff 1957, n.p., fig. 2

Fig. 2: Universal Images Group North America LLC/Alamy Stock Photo/Photo: Claudio Ciabochi/UIG

Fig. 3: Courtesy the Ministry of Culture—National Museums of Bologna

Benedetto Bonfigli and Workshop, Christ Crowned with Thorns; Christ Carrying the Cross; The Crucifixion

Fig. 4: CC BY-SA 3.0

Fig. 5: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia. Photo: Sandro Bellu

Fig. 6: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia. Photo: Sandro Bellu

Antonio Vivarini, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Four Angels

Fig. 1: © Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours/Photo: F. Lauginie

Fig. 2: © Musée des Beaux-Arts de Tours/Photo: F. Lauginie

Fig. 3: Luisa Ricciarini/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 4: Rita Guglielmi/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 5: Tuul and Bruno Morandi/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 6: Photo: Brooklyn Museum

Fig. 7: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Fig. 8: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Agnolo degli Erri and Bartolomeo degli Erri, The Infancy of Saint Thomas Aquinas

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 3: Mirabaud-Mercier

Fig. 4: Photo: Randy Dodson. Courtesy Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco

Fig. 5: Photo: Randy Dodson. Courtesy Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco

Fig. 6: Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.

Fig. 7: Photo: Scala/Florence

Fig. 9: Maria Bonotto/© Scala, Florence

Fig. 10: From: Benati 1988, 93, fig. 66

Possibly Giovanni Bellini, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: From: Venturi 1945, n.p., pl. 14

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Liberale da Verona, The Nativity

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Album/Alamy

Fig. 4: DeAgostini Picture Library/2025 © Scala, Florence

Fig. 5: Ghigo Roli/Bridgeman Images

Fig. 6: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., CC0

Fig. 7: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Attributed to Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, Penitent Saint Jerome

Fig. 1: © Fondazione Accademia Carrara, Bergamo

Fig. 2: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 3: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia Foto: Sandro Bellu

Fig. 4: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia. Photo: Haltadefinizione®️

Fig. 5: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria, Perugia. Photo: Haltadefinizione®️

Fig. 6: Photo © 2026 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Carlo Crivelli, Saint Peter

Fig. 4: Frick Art Reference Library Photoarchive

Fig. 5: From: Chiodo and Padovani 2014, 63, fig. 9f

Fig. 6: From: Chiodo and Padovani 2014, 61, no. 9

Fig. 7: Guido Paradisi/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 8: © Governorate of the Vatican City State—Directorate of the Vatican Museum

Fig. 9: Photo © President and Fellows of Harvard College

Fig. 10: From: Moriconi and Papetti 2019, 65

Fig. 11: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 12: ARTGEN/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 13: MMFA

Vittore Crivelli, Saint Peter

Fig. 1: Gacro74/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 3: Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, N.Y.

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Master of Sant’Anastasio (Bernardino del Castelletto?), The Death of the Virgin

Fig. 1: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 2: From: Soldano 1994, 67

Fig. 3: The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore

Fig. 4: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Lorenzo d’Alessandro da Sanseverino, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Peter Martyr and Vincent Ferrer(?) and Adoring Angels

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: © Galleria Nazionale dell’Umbria/With permission of the Italian Ministry of Culture/Bridgeman Images. Photo: Sandro Bellu

Fig. 3: © The National Gallery, London

Fig. 4 Photo: Brooklyn Museum

Fig. 5: Photo: Brooklyn Museum

Bernardino Fungai, Virgin and Child

Fig. 1: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 2: Alinari Archives, Florence. Photo: Brogi

Fig. 3: Jozef Sedmak/Alamy Stock Photo

Fig. 4: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Bernardino Fungai, Annunciatory Angel and Virgin Annunciate

Fig. 1: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 2: Courtesy York Museums Trust

Fig. 3: Berenson Collection, I Tatti, Florence, reproduced by permission of the President and Fellows of Harvard College

Fig. 4: Archivio fotografico Musei Nazionali di Siena

Fig. 5: Photo courtesy Scala, Florence

Guidoccio Cozzarelli, Virgin and Child with Saints Margaret and Catherine of Siena

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 2: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 3: Federico Zeri Foundation Photo Archive

Fig. 4: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 5: Photo: Travis Fullerton © Virginia Museum of Fine Arts

Girolamo di Benvenuto, The Nativity

Fig. 2: Allen Phillips\Wadsworth Atheneum

Fig. 3: Creative Commons Attribution—Share Alike 4.0 International

Bologna or Ferrara, Salvator Mundi

Fig. 1: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Francesco Raibolini, called Francesco Francia, Virgin and Child, known as the Gambaro Madonna

Fig. 1: From: Venturi 1945, TK page, pl. 13

Fig. 2: Photo courtesy Yale University Art Gallery Archives

Fig. 3: Courtesy the Ministry of Culture—Photographic Archive of the National Museums of Bologna—Regional Directorate of National Museums of Emilia-Romagna